Scikit-Learn Cheat Sheet: Python Machine Learning

Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet: Scikit-learn

Scikit-learn is an open source Python library that implements a range of machine learning, preprocessing, cross-validation and visualization algorithms using a unified interface.

A Basic Example

from sklearn import neighbors, datasets, preprocessing
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X, y = iris.data[:, :2], iris.target
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=33)
scaler = preprocessing.StandardScaler().fit(X_train)
X_train = scaler.transform(X_train)
X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)
knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_pred = knn.predict(X_test)
accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)

Loading The Data

Your data needs to be numeric and stored as NumPy arrays or SciPy sparse matrices. Other types that are convertible to numeric arrays, such as Pandas DataFrame, are also acceptable.

import numpy as np
X = np.random.random((10,5))
y = np.array(['M','M','F','F','M','F','M','M','F','F','F'])
X[X < 0.7] = 0

Preprocessing The Data

Standardization

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scaler = StandardScaler().fit(X_train)
standardized_X = scaler.transform(X_train)
standardized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)

Normalization

from sklearn.preprocessing import Normalizer
scaler = Normalizer().fit(X_train)
normalized_X = scaler.transform(X_train)
normalized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)

Binarization

from sklearn.preprocessing import Binarizer
binarizer = Binarizer(threshold=0.0).fit(X)
binary_X = binarizer.transform(X)

Encoding Categorical Features

from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
enc = LabelEncoder()
y = enc.fit_transform(y)

Imputing Missing Values

from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer
imp = Imputer(missing_values=0, strategy='mean', axis=0)
imp.fit_transform(X_train)

Generating Polynomial Features

from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
poly = PolynomialFeatures(5)
oly.fit_transform(X)

Training And Test Data

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,y,random_state=0)

Create Your Model

Supervised Learning Estimators

Linear Regression

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
lr = LinearRegression(normalize=True)

Support Vector Machines (SVM)

from sklearn.svm import SVC
svc = SVC(kernel='linear')

Naive Bayes

from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
gnb = GaussianNB()

KNN

from sklearn import neighbors
knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)

Unsupervised Learning Estimators

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
pca = PCA(n_components=0.95)

K Means

from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
k_means = KMeans(n_clusters=3, random_state=0)

Model Fitting

Supervised learning

lr.fit(X, y)
knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
svc.fit(X_train, y_train)

k_means.fit(X_train)
pca_model = pca.fit_transform(X_train)

Prediction

Supervised Estimators

y_pred = svc.predict(np.random.random((2,5)))
y_pred = lr.predict(X_test)
y_pred = knn.predict_proba(X_test))

Unsupervised Estimators

y_pred = k_means.predict(X_test)

Evaluate Your Model's Performance

Classification Metrics

Accuracy Score

knn.score(X_test, y_test)
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)

Classification Report

from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred)))

Confusion Matrix

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
print(confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)))

Regression Metrics

Mean Absolute Error

from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
y_true = [3, -0.5, 2])
mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred))

Mean Squared Error

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred))

R2 Score

from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
r2_score(y_true, y_pred))

Clustering Metrics

Adjusted Rand Index

from sklearn.metrics import adjusted_rand_score
adjusted_rand_score(y_true, y_pred))

Homogeneity

from sklearn.metrics import homogeneity_score
homogeneity_score(y_true, y_pred))

V-measure

from sklearn.metrics import v_measure_score
metrics.v_measure_score(y_true, y_pred))

Cross-Validation

print(cross_val_score(knn, X_train, y_train, cv=4))
print(cross_val_score(lr, X, y, cv=2))

Tune Your Model

Grid Search

from sklearn.grid_search import GridSearchCV
params = {"n_neighbors": np.arange(1,3), "metric": ["euclidean", "cityblock"]}
grid = GridSearchCV(estimator=knn,param_grid=params)
grid.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(grid.best_score_)
print(grid.best_estimator_.n_neighbors)

Randomized Parameter Optimization

from sklearn.grid_search import RandomizedSearchCV
params = {"n_neighbors": range(1,5), "weights": ["uniform", "distance"]}
rsearch = RandomizedSearchCV(estimator=knn,
   param_distributions=params,
   cv=4,
   n_iter=8,
   random_state=5)
rsearch.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(rsearch.best_score_)

Going Further

Begin with our scikit-learn tutorial for beginners, in which you'll learn in an easy, step-by-step way how to explore handwritten digits data, how to create a model for it, how to fit your data to your model and how to predict target values. In addition, you'll make use of Python's data visualization library matplotlib to visualize your results.

PS. Don't miss our Bokeh cheat sheet, the Pandas cheat sheet or the Python cheat sheet for data science.